In moving from excluding the majority of the world's languages to blindly adopting what we make for English, we first risk importing the same harms we have at best mitigated and at least measured for English. For instance, Yong et al. [15] showed how prompting GPT-4 in low-resource languages circumvents guardrails that are effective in English. However, in evaluating and mitigating harms arising from adopting new technologies into such contexts, we often disregard (1) the actual community needs of Language Technologies, and (2) biases and fairness issues within the context of the communities. Here, we consider fairness, bias, and inclusion in Language Technologies through the lens of the Capabilities Approach [12]. The Capabilities Approach centers what people are capable of achieving, given their intersectional social, political, and economic contexts instead of what resources are (theoretically) available to them. In the following sections, we detail the Capabilities Approach, its relationship to multilingual and multicultural evaluation, and how the framework affords meaningful collaboration with community members in defining and measuring harms of Language Technologies. 2 THE CAPABILITIES APPROACH The Capabilities Approach is a framework in developmental economic studies proposed by Amartya Sen in a series of articles published as far back as 1974 [1]. It has been applied to varied fields including environmental justice [e.g.

Stephen Salter, who has died aged 85, was the inventor of the Salter's Duck, a wave-power device that was the first of its kind and promised to provide a new source of renewable energy for the world – until it was effectively killed off by the nuclear industry. In 1982, after eight years of development under Salter's direction at Edinburgh University, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) was asked by the government to see if the duck might be a cost-effective way of making large quantities of electricity. To the great surprise of Salter, and others, the UKAEA came to the conclusion that it was uneconomic, and that no further government funding should be given to the project. A decade later it emerged that thanks to a misplaced decimal point, the review had made Salter's duck look 10 times more expensive than the experiments showed it was likely to be. The UKAEA claimed this was just a mistake, but Salter, who had never been allowed to see the results of the secret evaluation, put it another way: asking the nuclear industry to evaluate an alternative source of energy was like putting King Herod in charge of a children's home, he suggested.

Dr Ken Lee, cardiology specialist registrar and clinical lecturer at Edinburgh University, said: "Heart failure can be a very challenging diagnosis to make in practice. "We have shown that CoDE-HF, our decision-support tool, can substantially improve the accuracy of diagnosing heart failure compared to current blood tests." Previous research has shown that patients who are diagnosed quickly benefit the most from treatment. Acute heart failure affects nearly one million people in the UK and accounts for five per cent of all unplanned hospital admissions. The prevalence is projected to rise by approximately 50% over the next 25 years owing to the ageing population. It is a sudden, life-threatening condition caused when the heart is suddenly unable to pump enough oxygen-rich blood around the body to meet its needs. It can be brought on by coronary heart disease – where the arteries become blocked, limiting blood flow – or by other ongoing conditions such as diabetes which damage cardiac ...

Robin arrived at Edinburgh University as a Lecturer in 1965 and spent the next 20 years establishing one of the first world-class research groups in Robotics in Europe. He did visionary work in Robotics involving the integration of multi-modal sensing (including vision) into robotic control, and developed techniques for modeling and spatial reasoning about geometric objects. This work, which started soon after he arrived in Edinburgh, anticipated functional and higher order programming by over a decade. PoP-2 was the main language used by researchers in Artificial Intelligence in Britain during the 1970's. While on the faculty at Edinburgh University, he played a major role in keeping the fledging field of Robotics alive in Britain after the Lighthill report on Artificial Intelligence precipitated a major decrease of funding in this area.

The chosen experimental domain to test this hybrid architecture was the SOMASS puzzle, a kind of simple 3D jigsaw puzzle based on seven bent bricks which could be assembled into a cube. This had been invented by the mathematician Piet Hin, allegedly during a boring lecture by Heisenber. He called it the "SOMA puzzle". It became a popular puzzle and is available at all good puzzle shops. The first version of the SOMASS (SOMa ASSembly) system (1985) used no sensors, dealing with uncertainty by using compliant motions, and was capable of planning and performing the assembly of a SOMA cube in dozens of of different ways. This was generalised to handle the assembly of any shape from these parts, and from instances of these parts of any size, and by 1990 behaviour-based uncalibrated vision-guided part aquisition had been developed, which did not need to know camera parameters or position, or robot kinematics.